Description of the Salivary Microbiome Characteristics Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47990/pbyx7162Keywords:
Dysbiosis, autistic disorder, microbiome, salivaAbstract
Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder that appears early and develops throughout the life of the patient. The main characteristics of ASD include a lack of communication and social interaction, limited interests, and repetitive sensory and motor behaviors, often resulting in lifelong dependency. Comorbidities such as periodontitis, allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, dysbiosis, and altered oral and intestinal microbiota are common in these individuals. Objective: To identify the characteristics of the salivary microbiome in subjects with ASD aged 6 to 18 years and neurotypical subjects through a narrative literature review. Materials and Methods: A search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar published between 2009 and 2024. Results:four articles were selected for analysis and data extraction. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the composition and characteristics of the salivary microbiome and the etiopathogenesis and manifestation of inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and neurodevelopmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorder in the pediatric population.
References
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Amaral DG, Schumann CM, Nordahl CW. Neuroanatomy of autism. Trends Neurosci. 2008; 31(3):137-45. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005. Epub 2008. PMID: 18258309.
Mussap M, Beretta P, Esposito E, Fanos V. Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Metabolites. 2023; 13(12):1183. doi: 10.3390/metabo13121183. PMID: 38132865; PMCID: PMC10745349
Donovan AP, Basson MA. The neuroanatomy of autism - a developmental perspective. J Anat. 2017; 230(1):4-15. doi: 10.1111/joa.12542. Epub. PMID: 27620360; PMCID: PMC5192959.
Morton JT, Jin DM, Mills RH, Shao Y, Rahman G, McDonald D, Zhu Q, Balaban M, Jiang Y, Cantrell K, Gonzalez A, Carmel J, Frankiensztajn LM, Martin-Brevet S, Berding K, Needham BD, Zurita MF, David M, Averina OV, Kovtun AS, Noto A, Mussap M, Wang M, Frank DN, Li E, Zhou W, Fanos V, Danilenko VN, Wall DP, Cárdenas P, Baldeón ME, Jacquemont S, Koren O, Elliott E, Xavier RJ, Mazmanian SK, Knight R, Gilbert JA, Donovan SM, Lawley TD, Carpenter B, Bonneau R, Taroncher-Oldenburg G. Multi-level analysis of the gut-brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles. Nat Neurosci. 2023; 26(7):1208-1217. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01361-0. Epub 2023. PMID: 37365313; PMCID: PMC10322709.
Fiorentino M, Sapone A, Senger S, Camhi SS, Kadzielski SM, Buie TM, Kelly DL, Cascella N, Fasano A. Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2016; 7:49. doi: 10.1186/s13229-016-0110-z. PMID: 27957319; PMCID: PMC5129651.
Yap CX, Henders AK, Alvares GA, Wood DLA, Krause L, Tyson GW, Restuadi R, Wallace L, McLaren T, Hansell NK, Cleary D, Grove R, Hafekost C, Harun A, Holdsworth H, Jellett R, Khan F, Lawson LP, Leslie J, Frenk ML, Masi A, Mathew NE, Muniandy M, Nothard M, Miller JL, Nunn L, Holtmann G, Strike LT, de Zubicaray GI, Thompson PM, McMahon KL, Wright MJ, Visscher PM, Dawson PA, Dissanayake C, Eapen V, Heussler HS, McRae AF, Whitehouse AJO, Wray NR, Gratten J. Autism-related dietary preferences mediate autism-gut microbiome associations. Cell. 2021; 184 (24):5916-5931.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.015. Epub 2021. Erratum in: Cell. 2024; 187(2):495-510. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.001. PMID: 34767757.
Iniesta M, Chamorro C, Ambrosio N, Marín MJ, Sanz M, Herrera D. Subgingival microbiome in periodontal health, gingivitis and different stages of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2023; 50(7):905-920. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13793. Epub 2023 Feb 28. PMID: 36792073
Qiao Y, Wu M, Feng Y, Zhou Z, Chen L, Chen F. Alterations of oral microbiota distinguish children with autism spectrum disorders from healthy controls. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1):1597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19982-y. PMID: 29371629; PMCID: PMC5785483.
Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, Cernava T, Vergès MC, Charles T, Chen X, Cocolin L, Eversole K, Corral GH, Kazou M, Kinkel L, Lange L, Lima N, Loy A, Macklin JA, Maguin E, Mauchline T, McClure R, Mitter B, Ryan M, Sarand I, Smidt H, Schelkle B, Roume H, Kiran GS, Selvin J, Souza RSC, van Overbeek L, Singh BK, Wagner M, Walsh A, Sessitsch A, Schloter M. Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome. 2020; 8(1):103. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00875-0. Erratum in: Microbiome. 2020; 8(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00905-x. PMID: 32605663; PMCID: PMC7329523.
Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans. Cell. 2016; 164(3):337-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013. PMID: 26824647.
Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol. 2016; 14(8):e1002533. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533. PMID: 27541692; PMCID: PMC4991899.
Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med. 2018; 24(4):392-400. doi: 10.1038/nm.4517. PMID: 29634682; PMCID: PMC7043356.
Caselli, E., Fabbri, C., D'Accolti, M., Soffritti, I., Bassi, C., Mazzacane, S., & Franchi, M. (2020). Defining the oral microbiome by whole-genome sequencing and resistome analysis: the complexity of the healthy picture. BMC microbiology, 20(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01801-y
Contaldo M, Fusco A, Stiuso P, Lama S, Gravina AG, Itro A, Federico A, Itro A, Dipalma G, Inchingolo F, Serpico R, Donnarumma G. Oral Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Oral Pathogens in Gastro-Intestinal Diseases: Current Knowledge and Exploratory Study. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(5):1064. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9051064. PMID: 34069179; PMCID: PMC8156550.
Jia G, Zhi A, Lai PFH, Wang G, Xia Y, Xiong Z, Zhang H, Che N, Ai L. The oral microbiota - a mechanistic role for systemic diseases. Br Dent J. 2018; 224(6):447-455. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.217. PMID: 29569607.
Peng X, Cheng L, You Y, Tang C, Ren B, Li Y, Xu X, Zhou X. Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases. Int J Oral Sci. 2022; 14(1):14. doi: 10.1038/s41368-022-00163-7. PMID: 35236828; PMCID: PMC8891310.
, 14, 14.
Ye C, Kapila Y. Oral microbiome shifts during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Hormonal and Immunologic changes at play. Periodontol 2000. 202; 87(1):276-281. doi: 10.1111/prd.12386. PMID: 34463984; PMCID: PMC8457099.
Sampaio-Maia B, Caldas IM, Pereira ML, Pérez-Mongiovi D, Araujo R. The Oral Microbiome in Health and Its Implication in Oral and Systemic Diseases. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2016; 97:171-210. doi: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.08.002. Epub 2016. PMID: 27926431.
Hicks SD, Uhlig R, Afshari P, Williams J, Chroneos M, Tierney-Aves C, Wagner K, Middleton FA. Oral microbiome activity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res. 2018; 11(9):1286-1299. doi: 10.1002/aur.1972. Epub 2018. PMID: 30107083; PMCID: PMC7775619.
Kong X, Liu J, Cetinbas M, Sadreyev R, Koh M, Huang H, Adeseye A, He P, Zhu J, Russell H, Hobbie C, Liu K, Onderdonk AB. New and Preliminary Evidence on Altered Oral and Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for ASD Diagnosis and Subtyping Based on Microbial Biomarkers. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2128. doi: 10.3390/nu11092128. PMID: 31489949; PMCID: PMC6770733.
Ragusa M, Santagati M, Mirabella F, Lauretta G, Cirnigliaro M, Brex D, Barbagallo C, Domini CN, Gulisano M, Barone R, Trovato L, Oliveri S, Mongelli G, Spitale A, Barbagallo D, Di Pietro C, Stefani S, Rizzo R, Purrello M. Potential Associations Among Alteration of Salivary miRNAs, Saliva Microbiome Structure, and Cognitive Impairments in Autistic Children. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(17):6203. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176203. PMID: 32867322; PMCID: PMC7504581.
Kobayashi R, Ogawa Y, Hashizume-Takizawa T, Kurita-Ochiai T. Oral bacteria affect the gut microbiome and intestinal immunity. Pathog Dis. 2020; 78(3):ftaa024. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa024. PMID: 32504490.
Wang M, Zhou J, He F, Cai C, Wang H, Wang Y, Lin Y, Rong H, Cheng G, Xu R, Zhou W. Alteration of gut microbiota-associated epitopes in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2019; 75:192-199. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.006. Epub 2018. PMID: 30394313.
Nishida A, Inoue R, Inatomi O, Bamba S, Naito Y, Andoh A. Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2018; 11(1):1-10. doi: 10.1007/s12328-017-0813-5. Epub 2017. PMID: 29285689.
Mussap M, Noto A, Fanos V. Metabolomics of autism spectrum disorders: early insights regarding mammalian-microbial cometabolites. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2016(8):869-81. doi: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1202765. Epub 2016. PMID: 27310602.
Gao K, Mu CL, Farzi A, Zhu WY. Tryptophan Metabolism: A Link Between the Gut Microbiota and Brain. Adv Nutr. 2020; 11(3):709-723. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz127. PMID: 31825083; PMCID: PMC7231603.
Persico AM, Napolioni V. Urinary p-cresol in autism spectrum disorder. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2013; 36:82-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.002. Epub 2012 Sep 10. PMID: 22975621.
Hicks SD, Rajan AT, Wagner KE, Barns S, Carpenter RL, Middleton FA. Validation of a Salivary RNA Test for Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Genet. 2018;9:534. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00534. PMID: 30473705; PMCID: PMC6237842.
Jiménez-Hernández N, Serrano-Villar S, Domingo A, Pons X, Artacho A, Estrada V, Moya A, Gosalbes MJ. Modulation of Saliva Microbiota through Prebiotic Intervention in HIV-Infected Individuals. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1346. doi: 10.3390/nu11061346. PMID: 31208015; PMCID: PMC6627446.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Latin American Pediatric Dentistry Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
